Discuss why space exploration is not a waste of money Essay

Discuss why space exploration is not a waste of money - Essay Example As the world continues to struggle with the economic recession, the question on whether expenses on space exploration mission can be justified continues to be debated. This paper discusses" why space exploration is not a waste of money" There are hundreds of missions, which has been launched with a view to explore the extra-terrestrial bodies from the Mars to the moon and to other periphery of the solar system. From each of these bodies, mankind has been able to learn something about the universe, what constitutes it and what lies beyond the planet earth. Hereunder are prime factors underlying the justifying the important need for heavy spending on space exploration? Through space exploration of planets including Venus, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter and others mass, man has gathered important information that has been used by scientists to unravel the question of why there only emerged life on earth. Scientists have also unravelled the mystery of solar system formation. With the recent space exploration on Planet mass, imaginative ideas of living on Mars have been put to rest, while at the same time confirming the existence of water on the mass. According to Kranz (2011) the knowledge of the nature of planets alongside their gravitational dynamics, and the structure of the solar system is a template that can help scientists to identify extra solar planets that revolve around stars that may harbour life. The underlying motive behind exploring the planets including Moon and Mars is that they can be future potential habitable places. It is, therefore, important to develop technologies that can make it possible for mankind to settle in these hostile worlds. This requires resources are dedication towards technologies that enable mankind to understand the material resources, composition, surface conditions and atmosphere of these worlds. Space exploration is one of the greatest challenge to mankind. The

Andrew Jackson Essay Example for Free

Andrew Jackson Essay Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, deserves to have his picture engraved on the twenty-dollar bill. Jacksons perilous military achievement and leadership as well as democratic principles demonstrated during his presidency have made a significant contribution to American history and political life. Andrew Jackson led his troops to decisive victories against the Creeks in Alabama and against the British in New Orleans. In the war of 1812 the Creek Indians, British allies, had threatened the southwestern borders of the United States. A major general in the Tennessee militia, Jackson with the help of his troops successfully defeated the Creek Indians in 1814 at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. He was able to overcome shortages of supplies and food. In addition, he was able to curb two potential mutinies and lead a successful campaign against the Creeks. A second major battle that brought recognition to Jackson was the Battle of New Orleans. An impressive aspect of this battle was that in spite of Jackson being greatly outnumbered with his army of 5,000 men against the British army of 8,000, Jackson was able to win with minimal casualties to his troops compared to the British who suffered greater losses. These two military triumphs earned Jackson acclaimed national military fame. After the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Jacksons men acknowledged his toughness by calling him Old Hickory because he was as tough as Hickory Wood. His stunning victory at New Orleans gave Jackson status as a national hero because he gave Americans confidence in their ability to defend their new liberty. As a strong president, Andrew Jackson led reforms for the common man and created a more balanced central government. Jackson believed that the common man should have a place in society. He governed with the principle to let the people rule. Under his leadership, he and his followers issued reforms to reduce the long workdays and allow the average man to earn a greater share of the nations wealth. Wanting economic opportunity for all men, Jackson acted on his leadership skills to protect the rights of farmers, artisans, and small shopkeepers from the selfish interests of large  businesses and monopolies. Jackson wanted to help common Americans by letting them have a say in politics. He allowed many people to vote than ever before, therefore making the government more directly responsible to the people. He believed that the president should use full power as granted by the constitution. In that capacity, he made the most presidential vetoes than all the presidents before him. Jacksons use of the presidential veto was an effective measure to create a more balanced central government by decentralizing power in both the executive and legislative branch making them equal to each other. This set an effective standard for presidential procedure. Never hesitant, Jackson argued with the Supreme Court or Congress when their positions conflicted with the best interests of all the people. Jacksons efforts to make reforms for the common man and his ability to balance the power of the federal government made a lasting impression on American democracy. Jacksons achievements, as a military general as well as his leadership as the seventh president of the United States, give him the rightful recognition to have his image on the twenty dollar bill. As a general, Jackson was able to make quick and wise decisions to lead his troops to prevail through challenging military operations. As president, he left a lasting legacy to improve the conditions of the common man and to strengthen the office of the presidency. He shall always be remembered for granting people a greater voice in government by giving voting rights to non-land owners and replacing an aristocratic cabinet with people of more humble means. Jackson is regarded with respect for strengthening the office of the president through the use of veto, and rendering equality in power to both the executive and legislative branches. These aspects of his presidential administration have become a standard for todays modern presidency.

How Firewalls Mitigate Attacks

How Firewalls Mitigate Attacks Network Security is the process by which digital information assets are protected. If the network security is compromise, severe consequences could occur such as loss of confidential information [6]. To protect the networks the goal of security should be maintain integrity, protect confidentiality and ensure availability [5]. To begin the network security process, you have to first develop security policy and access rules. This policy must identify clearly the network security objectives of the organization. Network Security includes security management, computer system security, data security, and network devices security [1]. Due to the tremendous growth of E-business and the internet all small or large organizations finding it very important to have web presence to compete in todays market. But connecting to the internet means that companys private network will be connected to the outside world [8]. This makes the private network vulnerable to attacks from the internet. As in the case of E-business Companys web server must connect to the internet to provide WebPages to customers. This makes the web or file server susceptible to attacks. The network engineering must defend the network against threats such as viruses, worm, Trojan horse, theft of information, misuse of resources, access control. Now a days access to the Internet without the firewall is same as leaving your house door open to let anyone come inside. As the information theft or identify theft is all time high, computers networks need protection. To provide defence from the intruders or hackers a special device was needed. That is why the device called Firewall was introduced in back in 1988 [17]. Currently there are many different kinds of firewalls in the market. These firewalls not only different in cost but their functionalities are different as well. For an organization it is hard to pick up one firewall and considered protected against attacks. This report explain you different types of firewalls and their functionality. The following figure displays the firewall is placed between the Internet and the private network to provide network security and protecting from attacks. Network Security Policy: As everyone want to protect their network and the information in the network so we should have some kind of rules to define that what is acceptable or what is not acceptable on the network [1]. To apply these rules or procedures we first need to have a security policy. Having a good and detailed security is the excellent start of network security. After the creation of policy we need implement this security policy to provide the technical control. Because if this hardware or software devices is needed to provide the protection. A firewall is used to apply this security policy on the network Securing Network with Firewall: Technical controls are the most important part of the network security program because it provides a protection against the attacks and keeps network safe. Firewall is one of the main types of device to provide technically or physically control the network traffic. What is a firewall: The term firewall originally comes from firewalls which protect the fire from spreading to the other part of the building[4]. A firewall is a device in the network which divide or separate the trusted network (Private network) form the untrusted network (outside network). The firewall can be special devices such as hardware firewall or may be computer runing firewall software. The main aim of the firewall implementation is to protect the network from countless threats and only allow authoried traffic going in or out of the networks. Firewall can be used as standalone devices or can be configure on gateway router on the network such as Cisco PIX firewall [5]. The following figure display the firewall filter traffic by letting only authorized traffic in the network and rejecting unauthorized traffic at the network boundary. How Firewalls mitigate attacks? The main aim of the firewall technology is to protect the sensitive information moving between the two networks [4]. In a real world scenario firewall is placed between a private network and internet to prevent attacks. Firewall is one of the most essential barriers that can defend computer networks from many threats. The firewall at the perimeter of the network is the first line of defence against external attacks. To mitigate the attacks the firewall divides the network into two zones: Trusted Zone: authorized users in the private network or a private network. Least trusted Zone: users from the Internet trying to access the private network. The simple firewall job is to either permit or deny the traffic based on the access rules [4]. Permit: the authorized traffic is allowed in the network according to the predefined access rules. Deny: the unauthorized traffic stop at the firewall and information is sent to network administrator or discarded. The above figure displays that hoe firewall filter the traffic according to the specified criteria. Protecting network with Firewall: Firewalls filter the traffic transfers between two or more than two networks. It can divide the network into protected or unprotected areas. The firewall consider as good firewall if it can protect network from following vulnerabilities: Firewall should provide protection against attacks from outside the network. E.g. internet. Firewall should protect the network from any type of internal attacks. Firewall should grant access to the users according to the access privilege level users posses [4]. Firewall should stop unauthorised users to access the resources. Hardware and Software Firewalls: There are two main categories of firewalls: Hardware firewall and Software firewall [5]. Depending on the network requirements different firewall is used. Each of these firewalls has its own benefits. Both of these firewalls have the same aim of providing the secure communication. In the organization you can you either hardware or software or for better results combination of hardware and software firewall can be used. Hardware Firewalls: As the name hardware explain itself that it is a hardware firewall device. The hardware firewall is a special device which is normally placed near the gateway router of the network or between two networks to control the traffic flow. Before placing it on the network it is configure with the access policy or security rules on the firewall. When it activated on the network it controls of the network traffic going in or out of the network. The hardware firewall examine the incoming packet and compare with the access rules to decide either allow or discard the packet [11]. It is mostly used in large businesses and best suit for multinational companies. The following figure displays the hardware firewall providing network security form the Internet. Advantages: Hardware firewall has different operating system which is the independent of normal system such as Microsoft OS. Microsoft windows operating systems and other common OS have much vulnerability [11]. But hardware firewalls dont use common OS so it is hard for attacker to have successful attack. The other benefit of this is it faster than the other types of firewalls and easy to implement on the network [11]. Disadvantages: The main disadvantage of the hardware firewall is that it is one point of failure. If the hardware firewalls fail than all the traffic on the network will stop. No traffic can go in or out of the network. The other disadvantage is that if attacker hack the firewall he can control the traffic going in or out of the network. The most hardware firewalls cost more than the software firewall and specially trained staff is required to manage the device make the overall cost higher. Also most of these hardware firewalls are designed by different companies so that each of these needs different configuration and maintenance. The network administrative needs to learn about that specific firewall before placing it into the network and must have knowledge of how to administer the firewall deceive [11]. Software Firewalls: Software firewall is a special software firewall program that can be install on the devices such as router, server or PC. Once it is installed and configure properly it works that same way as hardware firewall. It examines the traffic and allows or denies access according to the predefined access rules to determine whether the packet has permission to access the network or not. The consideration must be taken when installing the software firewall on the existing devices because software firewall going to use the CPU and other resources on the devices [11]. Make sure the device have sufficient hardware resources to provide excellent performance in this environment. If there are not enough resources available for software firewall to operate, this can impact the network performance. Also as the attacks and vulnerabilities changes because attacks try different or new methods to attacks on the network so that the software firewall need to upgraded to provide the complete protection against new threats on the networks. It is best suitable for small businesses and home networks. Because it is easy to implement and no special hardware is required. The following figure displays the computer or router running the software firewall providing network security. Advantages: As the software firewall can be installed on the existing network devices so it normally cost less than the hardware firewall. There are many free software firewall programs on the internet which can be downloaded on the PC for free. Disadvantages: Software firewalls share the system resources with other applications running on the computer. It can impact the performance of the computer if there are no enough resources. Most of the times software firewall companies give free firewall application provide basic network protection only. To get the full protection against all attacks you have to pay for the advance services. The other disadvantage of the software firewall is run on existing operation system, so it can be very vulnerable to have same king of attacks as on operating systems [11]. Different Types of Firewalls: After defining the two major categories of firewall, now the next part of the report explain the types of firewall based upon how firewall filter packets and its behaviour in the network security. In this report TCP/IP model is used to define the process of how packets are treated and filter by different types of firewalls. Packet-filtering Firewall: This was the first type of firewall to protect the networks. Packet filtering firewall check the source and destination IP address of the packet and let the packets in or out according to the security policy of the organization [8]. Normally gateway router on the network edge is used to filter these packets. Access control list (ACL) can be configured on the router to act like packet filtering firewall. Based on the access rules router can allow or deny access into the network. The following figure displays the incoming coming packet can be filter based on the specified rules such as IP address, packet types and port number. Advantages: It the simplest form of the firewall and easy to implement on the network. When Packet filtering firewall is placed in the network it will not slow the network down and users of the network will not feel the difference in network performance. Disadvantages: This was the first type of firewall introduced for the networks. As it check the layer 3 address in the packet and let the packet in or denied access according to the security policy. IP spoofing is technique to spoof the IP address to any IP address you like to change. Hackers can use IP spoofing software to get the access through the packet filtering firewall. The other problem with packet filtering firewall is that it does not know who is using the service. Recommended Usage: Packet filtering firewall is used in low security environment or when the cost is an issue. It can be implemented on the router to save money but this kind of firewall should not be used in high security environment. Good for small businesses or filter traffic within the organization. Stateful Inspection Firewall The stateful firewall checks and monitors the state of the connections between source and destination [4]. It is the most complex type of firewall. This type of firewall can monitor all kinds of connections e.g. connection initiation, connection termination and information transfer [4]. It can perform the multilayer inspection. In multilayer inspection the packets first checked at the Internet Protocol layer (Layer 3 of the TCP/IP model) if the packet is granted access than it can also perform the second check at the application layer (Layer 5 of the TCP/IP model). It can inspect the TCP or UDP sessions and keep monitor these session between the source and destination. When the packet first arrived at the firewall it inspects the protocols in the packet and authorized or denied the packet according to the network security policy. If the packet is authorized than it keeps the information about the sources, destination, port number and TCP sequence number in the record table. E.g. Cisco Pix firewall The following figure displays the incoming coming packet can be filter based on the specified application rules. Advantages: It is more secure than the packet filtering because it can not only do the deep inspection of the packets but also keeps records of each session. Disadvantages: It can slow the network down because all traffic goes through firewall and this kind of firewall is expensive. The other disadvantage is the when packet inside the network go outside the hackers can capture the packet and examines the internal IP address in the packet header. This can give hacker some information about the IP address scheme used in the network. This information leads towards the some sort of attack on the network. But NAT can be used to resolve this problem with stateful firewall. Recommended Usage: This kind of firewall is good for networks that required high level of security. Mostly used by the medium and large size organization where audit of each session is required. Application-level Gateway Application level firewall was design to provide more security to the network by checking all layers of the TCP/IP model. As the packet switching firewall only examine the incoming packet up to Internet protocol layer of but application layer firewall provide security checking up to application layer. The application firewall is a dedicated computer also known as proxy server. Proxy server proxy for external services request for internal services and proxy exchange information with internal network [1]. The main advantage is that it hides the internal network from the outsiders. A proxy service has two important components: proxy server and proxy client [3] The job of the proxy server is to accept connection from one side of the network and connect to the other side of the network. Proxy Server first checks if the connection or host is allowed or not, if host is allowed than the proxy server makes the second connection to the destination host on the other side of the network. In this way the source host is connected indirectly to destination host via proxy server. This indirect connection between source and destination hide the valuable information about the internal network to pass on to external network. Advantage: As Application layer firewall filter up to application later, it can understand variety of different application so that checks can be perform on the content of the different application traffic for effect results. Disadvantages: If there are too many users in the network proxy services may slow the network down. The following figure displays the incoming coming packet can be filter based on the specified application rules. For example you can stop the HTTP traffic and allow all other protocol. With the application firewall you have more control to filter traffic based on the protocols. Recommended Usage: This kind of firewall is good for networks that required high level of security such as Banking. Mostly used by the medium and large size organization. It cost more than the packet filtering firewall. Circuit-Level Gateway Circuit level firewall is more advance form of packet filtering firewall because it can examine the incoming packet in more detail. It also provides more protection against attacks as compare with packet filtering firewall. Circuit level firewall not only checks the IP address, port number but it also checks the TCP handshake status between source and destination hosts and keep record of the TCP handshake [12]. This type of firewall checks TCP handshake connection status before authorizing the access. The circuit level firewall works at the TCP layer (Layer 4 of TCP/IP model). Because it need to examines the TCP handshake between hosts and open the session between hosts. The source host start the connection, when the packet arrived at the gateway; the gateway examines the connection information in the IP packet. The gateway find the match of the packet with the in security policy predefined on the gateway. If the packet gets permission to enter in the network the gateway makes the 2nd connection to the destination host. When the IP packet arrives at the destination it has the source address as the address of the gateway [12]. The following figure displays the traffic is only allowed if the session is initiated by the authorized host on the network otherwise all other traffic will be denied. Advantages: The circuit level gateway provides better protection against some attacks such as IP spoofing which packet filtering firewall cannot detect. It checks each TCP session and open the port manage all the incoming and outgoing connection. Because of that no unauthorized traffic allowed in the network it is considers protected network. The other main circuit level gateway benefit is that it hides the IP address of the trusted network from the un-trusted networks because outside host only get the source IP as the gateway address. E.g. Network Address Translation (NAT) Disadvantages: The main problem with this kind of firewall is that it does not check the content of the packet. This means that the in the packet the content may be some kind of virus or worm. Because of this reason authorized host mistake can bring virus in the network. Recommended Usage: This kind of firewall is good for networks that required high level of security. Mostly used by the medium and large size organization. Network router can be used to act as a firewall but for large organizations separate firewall devices is recommended. Comparison between different firewalls: Firewall type or cost vary depends on the size of the organization and type or access required. My investigation is based upon for medium size company. Now a day firewalls are very advance piece of equipment that has most the function in one device. E.g. IDS, IPS Hardware firewall So many different types are available in market, depend on the type can filter based upon IP address Yes it can Depends upon the security policy the firewall can filter incoming or outgoing traffic. These are mostly proprietor devices so the network administrator must learn to manage. Cisco ACE 4710 HARDWARE-0.5GBPS-100  £1083 Expensive because it comes with the special hardware device. Software firewall YES Yes it can filter Yes it is easy to operate. Cisco PIX Firewall Software  £248 Relatively cheaper that hardware firewall Packet filtering firewall YES NO Basic firewall cannot filter ports. If configure to filter it can check either incoming or outgoing or both traffic. Yes it is easy to operate. Netgear SRX5308-100EUS ProSafe Quad WAN Gigabit SSL VPN Firewall  £347 One of the basic type, you can find this firewall cheaper. Stateful firewall YES YES YES YES Cisco ASA 5505 Security appliance Unlimited Firewall Edition Bundle  £441.36 Expensive but provide good level of protection Application level firewall YES YES Easy to manage GUI based interface which makes it to configure SonicWALL NSA 220  £644.00 Expensive but provide good level of protection Circuit level firewall YES YES YES Easy to manage GUI based interface which makes it to configure Cisco ASA 5505 Firewall Edition Bundle security appliance  £566.15 Expensive but provide good level of protection Recommendation and Implementation: Firewall design principles: The first thing to remember that firewall is good only if it is configured properly but before buying and placing the firewall in the network you should know the answer of the following questions. What type of network it is and what are the network requirements? What is kind of information you have in the network? What level of protection is required? Where to place the firewall in the network? Firewall Basing: There are many choices to place the firewall in the network. The following part of the report explains the best placement of the firewall. Bastion Host The bastion host is a computer system that is used on the network especially on the local area network. It is normally installed after the first firewall. This system is designed in such a way that all the traffic has to go through it. As all communication of the private LAN go through it is designed to harden against attacks from outside. It runs the secure version of operating system and record of the audit information [18]. The following figure displays the bastion host in the network. All traffic in or out of the private LAN is going through the bastion host. Figure 11 Bastion host example [Ref: 13] Host-Based Firewalls The host based firewall is designed to protect the individual host in the network [4]. This kind of firewall mostly used for the servers [18] or other important host in the network to provide another layer to defense against the attacks. Host based firewall normally comes with the operating system or because it is software based so you can also buy and install on the host. This is the most effect solution to prevent the individual host in the network. Because most of the attacks now a days comes from the inside of the organization network. So the firewall at the boundary cannot protect from these internal attacks. By installing the host based firewall on host can defend host against security violation and control the traffic according to the access rules. As it is on the host itself it can protect host from both inside and external attacks. The other benefit of host based firewall is that it can be designed and configure according to the host requirement. The reason is that as some host on the network has different operating system or different needs e.g. servers. The disadvantage to have host based firewall on host is that host processes each packet which is CPU intensive. This traffic checking process can slow the performance of the individual host. The following figure display each host in the network has host-based firewall to gives extra protection to the individual host according to their needs. Figure 12 Host based Firewall [Ref: 14] Personal Firewall It is application software that can be installed on the computer or host. Once activated on the computer it examines the traffic going in or out of the computer. User control this firewall through GUI based application and configures the required level of security. It can allow or deny the traffic as defined by the user. There are many free personal firewalls available on the internet which can be downloaded from the internet. E.g. AVG antivirus is free and comes with basic personal firewall. The other thing you must remember that it is design to protect one host, this means that personal firewall need to install on every host on the network. This is not very scalable in the large network that is why it is mostly use for personal computers in homes or for small office. The following figure display the example of the Norton personal firewall. Figure 13 Personal Firewall Example [Ref: 15] Firewalls in network design: There are many solutions available here are some of the important ones: Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) design: The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) is the special area which is designed between two networks. DMZ provides protection against outside and inside attacks. The external firewall is used to protect the network and the internal firewall is used protect the network from inside attacks; the secure area is created between the two firewalls. In the large organizations this area is used to keep the servers such as web server or file servers so that the authorized outside users can access the network. In really you are creating three zones: Outside zone (Internet) Intermediate zone (DMZ) Inside zone (Private network) You can see from the figure below that two firewalls are use to create DMZ. Figure 14 Firewall Implementation in DMZ design [Ref: 17] Fault tolerant firewall design: The following design can be used to provide fault tolerant solution. In the following design two firewalls are used. One of the firewall is in active mode (main firewall) and the other one is passive mode (standby firewall). If the active firewall fails the passive firewall takes control. This is best solution to provide the network security and redundancy. Figure 15 Example of fault tolerant firewall implementation [Ref: 16] Test the firewall: After firewall is installed in the network, you should always test that how effect it is and what are the vulnerabilities of this firewall. Testing the firewall can be done by using the network testing tools such as network penetration tools or Port scanning tools. These tools are available in the BackTrack software version 5 for network testing. If you able to hack you own network and bypass the firewall, its means that firewall is effective. In this way you can able to find the vulnerabilities of the firewall and work on these weaknesses to resolve the network security issue. Overall benefits and limitations of firewalls: Benefits of using firewall in the Network: Prevent unauthorized personals in the network. Prevent sensitive information exposure to unauthorized hosts. The flow of data between two networks or between two hosts can be controlled. By the deep examination of the data packet certain protocols can allowed or deny in the network. Security policy rules can be configuring to provide technical control. As all the network traffic goes through firewall, placing the firewall at the edge of the network gives one point of entry for all data. It makes easy to manage one point control connection to outside world. Limitations of Firewalls: As firewall is the single point of entry for all traffic, failure of firewall can cause the disconnection from the internet or other connected networks. Some of the new attacks may not be detected by the firewalls. Hackers try different ways to bypass the firewalls by checking the weakness or vulnerabilities of the specific firewall and attack according to the type of firewall. By placing the firewall on the network edge can slow down the network performance because firewall has to check each packet going in to out of the network. If the firewall configuration is not right it may not stop the attacks. If the packet is encrypted firewall cannot understand Conclusion There is no one firewall which can be placed on the network and network will be 100% secure. So do not rely on just one firewall to provide all kind of protection. In the network use multiple protection devices such as IPS or IDS with the firewall to defence against other attacks. The most important to have network security policy and all users must agree to follow this policy. The firewall devices must be configured according to the security policy of the organization. The network administer should continually review the firewall as the level of the threats changes frequently. The best firewall should reduce the risk of attacks and easier to manage setting. The cost is another important point when selecting the firewall. Lastly when selecting the firewall network requirements, quality of service and performance should be the main consideration because it is the focal point for the traffic going in or out of the network. Too many users and extra load on the firewall can degrade the p erformance of the whole network. So during selection of the firewall consideration of network requirements is the most important stage.

Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming Essay -- comparison compare co

Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming "The Second Coming" By William Butler Yeats Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer, Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosened upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosened, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned The best lack of all convictions, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. Chinua Achebe based his story, "Things Fall Apart," on the poem by William Butler Yeats called "The Second Coming." These two pieces of literature have many similarities but no differenc...

Dimensions and Theme in The Killers

On the eve of the grand economic crisis of the capitalistic world, the late 1920's is a turbulent period in the U. S. A. with violence and horror permeating the whole society underneath the surface of the temporary steadiness and prosperity. Among all the novels depicting the dark life then, The Killers is unanimously considered as the best for its superb technic and profound theme. The Killers offers a perfect example of a narrative that challenges and rewards the readers' perception of its structure. The structure of a Hemingway's story can usually be described, conventionally enough, with a set of scenes marked by a change in setting or by a change of characters. What is unconventional and so inscribes his fame as a modernist is that the scenes often are juxtaposed with little transition and less logic to effect or explain their sequence or rationale as a result of his prose style with its syntax linking sentences and simple causes without conjunction and subordination. This is not to say that the structures of the stories lack form or significant pattern, but they are coherent and connected in a sort of dimension which Hemingway said he learnt from cizanne's paintings. In The Killers, there are totally three main scenes: Henry's lunchroom, Hirsch's rooming house, and again Henry's lunchroom. The first scene opens with two strangers entering Henry's lunchroom, where George is waiting on Nick Adams at the counter. The strangers, Al and Max, try unsuccessfully to order from the diner menu, then settle for sandwiches, after which their small talk turns ugly. Al takes Sam the cook and Nick into the kitchen, gags and ties them up, and then he and Max reveal that they are waiting to kill the heavyweight prize fighter Ole Andreson when he comes to have dinner at six o' clock. At last, Ole Andreson does not arrive; the killers leave. In the second scene, Nick goes to Hirsch's rooming house to tell Ole about two men waiting to kill him and offers to tell the police; but Ole, lying on his bed and looking at the wall, says that he got in wrong; there is nothing to do and he is through running. In the third scene, Nick comes back to Henry's lunchroom and tells Sam and George his experience at Hirsch's rooming house. Sam won't listen to it and goes to the kitchen. The story ends as Nick wonders what Ole did, and George says; â€Å"Double-crossed somebody. That's what they kill them for. â€Å"I'm going to get out of this town,† Nick said. â€Å"Yes,† said George, â€Å"That's a good thing to do. † â€Å"I can't stand to think about him waiting in the room and knowing he is going to get it. It's too awful. † â€Å"Well,† said George, â€Å"you'd better not think about it. † In the first two scenes, the readers may get confused with the arrangement and disappointedly fail to wo rk out the theme, for despite all the impending violence and seemingly inevitable bloodshed, nothing happens: the killers do not kill and their victim still lies with his face to wall. The dimensions of the first two scenes seem to by default direct the readers' attention to the story's factual details: the two killers Al and Max are indistinguishable, dressed like twins or a â€Å"vaudeville team†; their sandwich orders are interchanged; they eat with their gloves on; they call George â€Å"bright boy† and suggests him going to see a movie; they get the lunchroom prepared for the killing; the nigger cook repeatedly complains and of George gives his careless remarks. However, no matter what image the readers have of the two dimensions, it will reflect the obvious symmetry between them: the action of the first scene is followed by the reaction of the second. And as the story moves on to the third dimension where the theme finally set in, the readers, with a reminiscent view, can figure out that all the details which seem irrelevant to the killing in the previous two dimensions, now, in re-perception, are closely knitted to serve the theme. The incident takes place when three men are in Henry's lunchroom: the cook Sam and the two waiters, George and Nick. Sam, from the very beginning, tries best to keep himself away from this killing: when Nick wants to go to inform Andreson, he advices Nick â€Å"to stay out of it†, â€Å"not to have anything to do with it at all. † Then Nick decides to go to Andreson in Hirsch's rooming house, he says: â€Å"Little boys always know what they want to do,† satirizing young men like Nick know nothing about possible danger in the unsafe society. Finally, Nick returns and gives his account of Ole Andreson's reaction, he won't even listen to it and shut himself in the kitchen. Having seen a lot of such violence of the society and got frightened by his own experience several minutes ago, Sam knows clearly the danger and darkness, and does not â€Å"want any more of that. † Thus he acts in a cowardly way to insure his own security. George also seems quite familiar with this sort of business: he becomes very suspicious of the two men when they mistake their own order and eat with their gloves on. As soon as the two killers mention Andreson, he knows their purpose of killing that boxer. Although he asks Nick to go to see Andreson, he does not care the whole thing much. When Nick asks him why the want to kill Andreson, he just make dismissive explanation â€Å"double-crossed somebody, that's what they kill them for. † For him, murdering is not a big event, since there are many â€Å"them† killed by â€Å"they† every day, he simply has already got used to it. Of the three men, Nick is the only one who shows great concern to the attempted killing. Innocent enough, he, in spite of Sam's warning, goes to inform the boxer. In Hirsch's rooming house, the boxer, although knowing himself in danger, lies on his bed helplessly and does not want to run. He tells Nick: â€Å"There ain't anything to do,† â€Å"I'm through with all that running around,† which gives Nick an even more terrible shock than that he is gagged and tied up by the two killers. So horrified Nick is, he decides to leave the town, â€Å"I can't stand to think about him waiting in the room and knowing he's going to get it. It ‘s too damned awful. † Thus, at this stage, the readers can see that the theme that Hemingway wants to express is not only to expose the violence and turbulence of society at that time, but in a more profound dimension, to reveal the shock and hurt of all these viciousness and wickedness to the innocent souls like Nick who will bear the image of that doomed boxer into his maturity. Therefore, although the title of the story is The Killers, the hero is actually the young man Nick, whose innocence in the setting of the cruelty of the killers, the cowardice of the cook, the indifference of George and the despair of Ole Andreson, refracts the instability and violence of the society at that disordered time. In The Killers, Hemingway, with his geometric design of the scenes, presents a story of simple plot but profound meaning, debunking the unsteadiness and turbulence of the apparently thriving society. Reading this story is just like viewing cizanne's landscape paintings: one has large room to perceive and appreciate its beauty and meaning in different dimensions.

Charlie Chaplin.

Charlie Chaplin. Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin, who was he? What did he do? How does he effect film today? Charlie Chaplin influenced and changed the history of TV and forever. He was the first comedian on film. Also he was known as a good director as an actor. He was a two in one person. People looked up to him and followed in his steps.Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr., was born April 16, 1889 in Eastlane, Walworth in London; His parents were music hall performers, Charles and Hannah Chaplin. Charlie's first performance was as an unplanned substitute for his mother who was ill. Charles and Brother Sydney later went with their mother to enter in the Lambeth Workhouse for the poor. Few weeks later the boys were sent to Hanwell School for orphans. After this he soon joined Fred Karno's touring Stage Company with his brother Sydney. The tour was a musical called " The eight Lancaster Lads".Cropped screenshot of Charlie Chaplin and Paulette...on May 13, 1901 Charlie's father Charles Sr. die. Soon after Hanna h enters Cane Hill Asylum. She never permanently recovered her sanity after the incident with her husband. She died August 28, 1928.In 1912 Charlie and Fred Karno's troupe went to perform in America which brought Charlie to New York. He decided to stay there. Later he signed a contract with Keystone and left for Hollywood soon after. His first movie was "Making a Living," His next film, "Kid Auto Races at Venice" was destined to change his entire career. He was wearing baggy pants, size fourteen shoes worn on the opposite foot, a jacket too small, and a bowler hat that kept falling off. He had a mustache trimmed down that barely covered the front of his upper lip. The famous walk which he rocked back and forth from one...